Wireless LAN :: Internet Technology Computers Essays

Wireless LAN discovery through the use of applications such as NetStumbler, DStumbler, Wellenreiter and others is an increasingly popular technique for network penetration. The discovery of a wireless LAN might be used for seemingly innocuous Internet access, or to be used as a "backdoor" into a network to stage an attack. This paper reviews some of the tactics used in wireless LAN network discovery and attempts to identify some of the fingerprints left by wireless LAN discovery applications, focusing on the MAC and LLC layers. This fingerprint information can then be incorporated into intrusion detection tools capable of analyzing data-link layer traffic. Introduction The growth of 802.11 networks has been met with the development of several wireless local area network (WLAN) discovery applications. These applications are designed to identify WLAN activity and network characteristics, providing enough information for an unauthorized user to gain access to the target network. For obvious reasons, WLAN administrators should be concerned about unauthorized access to their networks and therefore should attempt to identify the applications used to discover their networks. WLAN intrusion analysis is not entirely unlike traditional intrusion analysis; we are primarily concerned about the identification of traffic signatures or fingerprints that are unique to the applications we want to detect. Unlike traditional intrusion analysis however, we have additional challenges that are unique to wireless networks: 1. Location of trafic capture station Where traditional intrusion detection systems can be location in a functional area (DMZ, inside a firewall, outside a firewall, etc), a data collection agent (agent) capturing 802.11 frames must be installed in the same service area of each wireless LAN we wish to monitor. The improper location of a wireless LAN agent will inevitably lead to false positive results. If the receive sensitivity of the agent exceeds that of the monitored network, traffic may be characterized as WLAN discovery while being outside the cell range of the monitored network. Another interesting challenge is monitoring "hidden node" IBSS stations where the last wireless station to generate a beacon is responsible to reply to probe requests (ANSI/IEEE, 126). In these cases, the wireless LAN agent may not be within the coverage area necessary to collect responses or further solicitation of management information from the responding â€Å"hidden node† station. 2. Identifying anomalous trafic In order for wireless clients to locate a network to join, the IEEE 802.11 specification made an accommodation for clients to broadcast requests for available networks.

Cancer: Oncology and Accurate Cause

Cancer Cancer is one of the top causes of death in the world today. Studies show that one in three people will go through some form of cancer in their lifetime. There are various different kinds of cancer that effect different parts of the body. Cancer is treated in many different ways. Some forms of cancer are treatable, and some are not. Cancer usually comes from the development of a tumor. Tumors form in the body when cells are produced without cause. New cells are formed when they are not needed, and they group together to form a tumor.The tumor can be benign, which means that it is non-cancerous, or it can be malignant, which means that it is cancerous. If cells break away from a malignant tumor, they will enter the bloodstream, and spread throughout the body, hurting other parts of the body. Cancer can also appear with no definite cause. However, there are some activities that people participate in, that increase the risk of cancer. Smoking can cause cancer of the lung, mouth, and throat. Alcohol can cause cancer of the mouth, throat, and liver. Also, exposure to radiation and sunlight can cause skin cancer.The accurate cause of cancer still remains a mystery. Cancer can be spotted early on by certain symptoms. As cancer progresses through it’s many stages, it will produce certain symptoms. The symptoms depend on the size and location of the cancer. In some areas, symptoms will not appear until the cancer is very large, making the cancer more difficult to treat. The general symptoms of cancer are fever, an alter of metabolism, fatigue, severe weight loss, weakness and dizziness, blood clots, and sores that don’t heal. There are many different ways of treatment for cancer.Surgery is usually the first choice of most patients. If the cancer is localized, meaning it hasn’t spread, surgery is the best option. The surgeon will remove the tumor and the surrounding tissue. Surgery offers the best chance of a cure. The next method of treatment , which is usually a patient’s second choice, is chemotherapy. This method treats cancer cells that have spread. Chemotherapy is used depending on the type of cancer, and the stage it is in. Chemotherapy specifically treats cancer by injecting strong medicine to a patient, and allowing the drugs to travel throughout the body.The side effects include vomiting, hair loss, infections, and fatigue. The last treatment, which is usually a last resort, is Radiation. It destroys cancer cells, so they don’t multiply. More than one half of people with cancer experience Radiation. Radiation is the process of external high-energy rays or implants inserted near the tumor, eliminating the cancer cells. With all kinds of cancer, there are seven main warning signs. These seven signs found in one person would show that the person may be suffering from some type of cancer, and this person should see a doctor immediately.Dying of Breast Cancer in the 1800sThe seven warning signs are a ma jor change in bowel or bladder habits, a sore that does not heal, unusual bleeding, thickening or lump in breast, indigestion or difficulty swallowing, obvious changes in wart or mole, and an irritating cough or roughness. Work Cited â€Å"Cancer. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 26 Mar. 2012. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. . â€Å"What Is Cancer? † American Cancer Society. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. . â€Å"Genetics and Cancer. American Cancer Society. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. . â€Å"Diet and Physical Activity. † American Cancer Society. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. . Weinberg, Robert A. The Biology of Cancer. New York: Garland Science, 2007. Print Nathan, David G. The Cancer Treatment Revolution: How Smart Drugs and Other New Therapies AreRenewing Our Hope and Changing the Face of Medicine. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2007. Print.

Unit 4222-237 Dementia Awareness (DEM 201) Essay - 4308 Words

Unit 4222-237 Dementia Awareness (DEM 201) 1.1 – Explain what is meant by the term ‘dementia’ The term dementia describes a set of symptoms which include loss of memory, mood changes and problems with communication and reasoning. These symptoms occur when the brain is damaged by numerous certain diseases. Dementia is progressive, which means the symptoms will gradually get worse. How fast dementia progresses will depend on the individual person and what type of dementia they have. Each person is unique and will experience dementia in their own way. 1.2 – Describe the key functions of the brain that are affected by dementia The key functions that are affected by dementia are: Temporal Lobe – Responsible for vision, memory, language,†¦show more content†¦Dementia as a clinical syndrome is characterised by global cognitive impairment, which represents a decline from previous level of functioning and is associated with impairment in functional abilities and in many cases behavioural and psychiatric disturbances. 2.2 – outline the social model of dementia The social model of dementia is about the person and how it affects individuals. The social model of care seeks to understand the emotions and behaviours of the person with dementia by placing him or her within the context of his or her social circumstances and biography. By learning about each person with dementia as an individual, with his or her own history and background care support can be designed to be more appropriate to individual needs. 2.3 – Explain why dementia should be viewed as a disability People who have dementia are not aware of requirements for living. They can forget to do the essential things that are vital. Taking medicines, hygiene and even eating are often forgotten. They can get lost or hurt and not understand what is necessary to correct a situation. Turning on the cooker or water and forgetting to turn it off again, locking doors, crossing streets etc can all be dangerous even deadly. In the same way as you would not think an infant capable of self care, a person with dementia cannot be either. Considering the facts that they cannot act in the manner of aShow MoreRelatedEssay on Unit 4222-237 Dementia awareness720 Words   |  3 PagesUnit 4222-237 Dementia awareness (DEM 201) 1.1 Dementia is a loss of brain function. If affects memory, thinking, language, judgement and behaviour. Dementia is progressive, so the symptoms will gradually get worse. In a later stage of dementia people will find it hard to carry out daily tasks and will come dependant on other people. 1.2 The key functions of the brain that is affected by dementia are:  · The Frontal lobe; which is to do with behaviour, the person’s personality, interpretationRead MoreDem 2011002 Words   |  5 PagesUnit 4222-237 Dementia awareness (DEM 201) Outcome 1 Understand what dementia is The learner can: 1. Explain what is meant by the term ‘dementia’ 2. Describe the key functions of the brain that are affected by dementia 3. Explain why depression, delirium and age related memory impairment may be mistaken for dementia. Outcome 2 Understand key features of the theoretical models of dementia The learner can: 1. Outline the medical model of dementia 2. Outline the social model of dementia Read MoreDem 2012240 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Unit 4222-237 Dementia Awareness (DEM 201) Outcome 1 understand what dementia is Explain what is meant by the term â€Å"dementia† (201.1.1) Dementia describes a set of symptoms that may include memory loss and difficulties with thinking, problem-solving or language. These changes are often small to start with, but for someone with dementia they have become severe enough to affect daily life. Dementia is caused when the brain is damaged by diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementiaRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesWellness program grants. Extension of COBRA continuation coverage. State Health Access Program grants. Administrative simplification. TITLE II—PROTECTIONS AND STANDARDS FOR QUALIFIED HEALTH BENEFITS PLANS Subtitle A—General Standards Sec. 201. Requirements reforming health insurance marketplace. Sec. 202. Protecting the choice to keep current coverage. Subtitle B—Standards Guaranteeing Access to Affordable Coverage Sec. 211. Prohibiting preexisting condition exclusions. Sec. 212. Guaranteed