Analysis Of Sahar Khalifeh s Wild Thorns - 1431 Words

Sahar Khalifeh’s Wild Thorns provides a snapshot of the Israeli occupation of Palestine and the ongoing conflict in the region. Khalifeh’s critique of not only the Israeli occupants, but the Palestinian bourgeois as well, demonstrates the difficulties of the Israeli occupation where the people are not as poor as they once were, yet Palestinian homes are blown up nightly. The Palestinian working class people, forced to choose between nationalism and supporting their families, must face the shame of working in Israel as the Palestinian landowners turn their backs on them. Through the use of repetition and reference to a common Arab folktale, Khalifeh speaks to the plight of the Palestinian proletariat. Additionally, the complexity of the†¦show more content†¦This same sentence shows up again on page 56 as Adil is once again asked to tell an Abu Zayd tale. Perhaps Adil wants to ignore the story because it forces him to face his feelings of complacency in the Israe li occupation or maybe he holds a sense of shame that he himself cannot live up to the heroic actions of Abu Zayd like Usama and Basil are trying to. Either way, Adil ignores the folktale and pushes it aside as â€Å"an old tragedy.† The placement of the folktale within the novel, as well as the use of repetition that accompanies it, allows Khalifeh to critique the Israeli/Palestinian conflict as a whole. Built around events that occurred in the 11th century, Sirat Bani Hilal is the original tale of Abu Zayd. The history behind the folktale repeats itself within the events of the story and mimics Khalifeh’s use of repetition. Abu Zayd is forced to fight against both a Jewish leader and an Arab king in order to unite his tribe. Similarly, Khalifeh not only shows the Palestinian resistance to the Israeli occupation but also demonstrates the class conflicts between the Palestinian people themselves. â€Å"Khalifeh argues that ‘class disparities’ (29) in the West Bank meant that the conditions of the working class and poor were ‘tragic; and pushes them to search for jobs in the Gulf† (Abu Manneh 127). The treatment of the working class by the Palestinian bourgeois forces them to look for jobs within the enemy territory in order to simply feed their families.

Analysis of Online Banking Industry - 2003 Words

According to King, McKay, Marshall, Lee and Viehland (2008) online banking or electronic banking (e-banking) includes various banking activities conducted via the Internet from home, business, or on the road opposed to at a physical bank location. This paper shall compare and contrast both the online and offline retail environment for banking services. Internet banking offers great opportunities to the financial-services industry, including: †¢ a huge potential customer base †¢ large economies of scale in investment †¢ the possibility for services to be delivered using standardised modular software †¢ easy management of software †¢ a common browser front end †¢ the possibility to be equipped with good security protocols †¢ the easy application†¦show more content†¦The sites must be user friendly and convey a feeling of security. According to Zakaria (2003) even though Internet banking has been long established, one of the most important factors that may be slowing its progression is customer’s concern for security of financial transactions over the Internet. In a recent Key Note consumer survey (conducted in 2008) into attitudes towards electronic banking, 40% of respondents said that they liked to manage their money using the Internet. The survey found men were slightly more likely than women to use this channel. 51.3% of respondents postulated that they were concerned about the security aspects of electronic banking and 25.1% of the sample would not trust an electronic bank with their money (Source: Key Note Report 2008). Due to the nature of the online environment it is difficult for banks to build trust and relationships with their customers. The Internet is extremely impersonal due to its global audience, the bricks and mortar location of the local branch with a smiling advisor is much more inviting in comparison to a cold lifeless computer screen. Also the learning process involved in using e-banking can be daunting, customers must invest their time and effort into learning more to use and navigate their way around the sites. Internet banking can also be time consuming to set up and registration numbers and access codes can be misplaced, stolen or forgotten. AlthoughShow MoreRelatedThe Use Of Online Banking Vs Traditional Bank Essay930 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the above, the research is compared the use of online banking VS traditional bank, since many people in Saudi Arabia are not aware of the advantages of electronic banking, which it should not be as a problem in these days. The purpose of this study is to study and analysis the impediments of using online services which include: automated teller machine (ATM), internet banking, and tele-banking and then compare it with manual banking. The study also focused on the solutions that could beRead MoreEssay on Bank of America Case Analysis1705 Words   |  7 PagesBank of America – Case Analysis Prepared By Kesha S Mitchell April 30, 2013 AMBA 650-1134 Marketing Management and Innovation Professor Philemon Oyewole In 2007, Bank of America (BofA) Corporation launched the largest secure mobile banking service in the United States and has over four million mobile banking customers. BofA mobile banking service gives the customers access to their checking accounts for balance, transfers funds and to pay bills through a mobile application (app)Read MoreQuestions On Advancing Career Development1188 Words   |  5 Pagesreport defines the study of industry which reflects the present impression in the market. By looking forward to this report I also chosen this industry and a sector in which I would like to take a kick start for my better career for the future. The discussion in the depth of the sector of financial industry, for this I am presenting a concise report of the three particular banking business areas which will be my future career target also. Analysis of Industry: Industry analysis can be analyzed by Porter’sRead MoreEnterprise Resource Planning in Business in India1081 Words   |  4 Pageson integrating all the departments in an organization which is considered to be the most difficult part in an ERP implementation process. The concept of ERP was initially applied to reduce the inventory costs and was mainly used in manufacturing industry. The inventory levels were monitored and real time updates were done and status reports were done. During 1970’s MRP (Material Requirements Planning) was majorly used to schedule the production and understand the requirement of materials; later duringRead MoreOnline Banking And Financial Services1440 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION Online banking and financial services have revolutionised the consumer and corporate banking industry in the last few decades or so by giving customers the power to conduct their banking anytime, anywhere and without all kinds of paperwork and branch visits. This has been possible with the help of massive investments in information technology, systems and communication infrastructure linking the banking industry network with their universe of customers. This empowerment has also givenRead MoreAlly Bank : Marketing And Advertising1197 Words   |  5 Pagesstand for, along with education about the bailout. Ally will continue to grow their market over the years if they remain innovative. Ally Bank faces some tough competition but has been able to out-do them with their fantastic offerings. Situational Analysis Ally Bank may sound like a new name, however its parent company Ally Financial Incorporated is not. In 1919 General Motor Acceptance Corporation (GMAC) was formed, in which Ally Financial and Ally Bank have stemmed from (Hitt 2015). General MotorsRead MoreUsing Porters Five Forces to Analyze Barclays714 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of Barclays through the lenses of Porters five forces A thorough assessment of any economic agent comprises of the gradual analysis of the company through various lenses, mostly materialized in the implementation of tools such as PEST analysis, SWOT analysis, Porters five forces analysis and so on. At this level, emphasis would be placed on the assessment of Barclays Business Banking division, through the lenses of Porters five forces analysis. In other words, the focus would fallRead MoreEssay about Wells Fargo Financial Analysis1348 Words   |  6 PagesWells Fargo Financial Analysis For this project, we researched Wells Fargo?s performance in the last couple of years as a way to check on its progress to greatness. What we found was an overwhelmingly charismatic company that not only puts down its values in ink, but also strictly abides by them. Much to our surprise, a huge chunk of their thick annual report for 2002 was an honest listing of all the threatening factors that stand in the company?s way rather than its exceptional rankings inRead MoreThe Internet And Other Electronic Media1245 Words   |  5 Pagesand businesses all over the world. Online banking is a phenomena that was established to make the banking services easier and accessible for the customers. In Saudi Arabia, many people prefer wait in the bank to pay their bills rather than doing it online. This research investigate the extent of using online banking in Saudi Arabia, the associated problems of not using online banking and suggest a solutions for the financial industry in order to enhance it is online services. Read MoreWells Fargo As A Community Based Bank1558 Words   |  7 Pagesthey developed into a family of numerous neighborhood banks in numerous communities. Each section of the business in which they focus on assuring that as a business they provide banking, home loan, investment, and insurances. (1999 - 2016 Wells Fargo) An economic segment is a trend that could affect the banking industry could be stock market trends starting to slow or move in the negative direction. This usually shows the state of the economy. If the economy of the United States starts to fall

Hypothesis and Conclusion Free Essays

Running Heading: hypothesis and conclusion Unit 4 Short Paper: Hypothesis and Conclusion Kaplan University Ashley Gramma CJ499: Bachelors Capstone in Criminal Justice Professor Christopher Elg March 12, 2013 Science proceeds by a continuous, incremental process that involves generating hypotheses, collecting evidence, testing hypotheses, reaching evidence based conclusions. (Michael, 2002). The scientific process typically involves making observations, asking questions, forming hypotheses and testing hypotheses by way of well-structured experiments. We will write a custom essay sample on Hypothesis and Conclusion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Science in Action’s Science Fair Projects More, 2010-2011). The scientific method is steps used by many to find answers to questions they want to know. The scientific method is an approach to acquiring knowledge that contains many elements of the methods, and it tries to avoid pitfalls of any individual method used by itself. (Rybarova, 2006). Methods of inquiry are ways in which a person can know things or discover answers to the questions. (Rybarova, 2006). What are the five scientific methods of research inquiry and how they are defined? Explain how it is applied to the research project and provide examples. Develop a hypothesis focused on the professional practices of criminal justice practitioners. Then select two methods of inquiries and how you would apply them to your hypothesis to reach a conclusion. The five scientific methods of research inquiry are question, hypothesis, experiment, data analysis, and conclusion. The question process is what I want to learn, which in this process you will decide what variables you want to change and how. Regents of the University of Minnesota, 2003-2012). Ask yourself, is it testable or non-testable? Those variables will be dependent and independent variables. A characteristic whose value may change, vary, or respond when manipulated experimentally is called a dependent variable. (Regents of the University of Minnesota, 2003-2012). Conversely, something that affects the characteristic of interest is called an independent variable. (Regents of the University of Minnesota, 2003 -2012). The dependent variable is what you will study. Regents of the University of Minnesota, 2003-2012). Hypothesis is your thought on why it is or an educated guess. It is a possible explanation that is intended to be tested and critically evaluated. (Rybarova, 2006). Hypotheses clarify the question being addressed in an experiment, help direct the design of the experiment, and help the experimenters maintain their objectivity. (Regents of the University of Minnesota, 2003-2012). You are generating a testable prediction. (Rybarova, 2006). A method is replication or sample size, constant conditions, and control. Regents of the University of Minnesota, 2003-2012). You are evaluating the prediction by making systematic, planned observation, which involves research and data collection. (Rybarova, 2006). Then, the results, which is describing and understanding the results of an experiment are critical aspects of science. (Regents of the University of Minnesota, 2003-2012). Once you ar e at this step you can decide if the original hypothesis was true or false. You can use this observation to support refute, or refine the original hypothesis. (Rybarova, 2006). Finally, the conclusion which is the results you got from the research compared to the question. Did your question get the answer it want, and why or why not. Understanding and applying it to your scientific inquiry will give you a good if not the best chance to arrive at reliable, objective and credible scientific findings. (Science in Action’s Science Fair Projects More, 2010-2011). My question is has airline safety gone to the extreme since 9/11. This question is testable. My hypothesis or prediction is that airline safety has gone to extreme since 9/11. So how will I test this theory? I would do a telephone survey with 500 customers at use at least one of the four major airports. The questions will evolve around the customers experience with the airline security and safety issue since 9/11. In an article written by Bill McGee in the USA TODAY stated that, â€Å"while the Transportation Security Administration’s effectiveness has been hotly debated, there’s no denying that the â€Å"hassle factor† of flying commercially has soured many Americans on traveling by air. † (McGee, 2012). Although the heightened airport security procedures do not directly affect airline operations, the new process has caused a noticeable subset of airline passengers who opt for different modes of transportation or skip travel entirely. (Logan, 2004). An economic study from Cornell University in 2007 showed that federal baggage screenings brought about a 6 percent reduction in passenger volume across the board, with a 9 percent reduction in the nation’s busiest airports, totaling a nearly $1 billion loss for the airline industry. (Logan, 2004). Has the airlines safety gone to extreme since 9/11? Yes, they have gone to the extreme to most of the passengers whom were use the airlines. Since they have change the airline security policy they have lost quite a few passengers. These passengers have chosen to take a different travel alterative. My results have shown they that passengers have stop using the airlines as much, but does not state exactly why they do not use the airlines. References: Logan, G. (2004). The Effects of 9/11 on the Airline Industry. USA TODAY. http://traveltips. usatoday. com/effects-911-airline-industry-63890. html McGee, B. (2012). Five most significant changes in air travel since 9/11. USA TODAY. Travel. http://travel. usatoday. com/experts/mcgee/story/2012-06-27/Five-most-significant-changes-in-air-travel-since-911/55841424/1 Michael, R. (2002). Strategies for Educational Inquiry: Inquiry ; Scientific Method. Fall 2002 — Y520: 5982 http://www. indiana. edu/~educy520/sec5982/week_1/inquiry_sci_method02. pdf Regents of the University of Minnesota. (2003-2012). The Scientific Method. http://www. monarchlab. org/mitc/Resources/StudentResearch/ScientificMethod. aspx Rybarova, D. (2006). Introduction Acquiring Knowledge, and the Scientific Method. http://www. google. com/url? sa=t;rct=j;q=;esrc=s;frm=1;source=web;cd=9;cad=rja;ved=0CGIQFjAI;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. u. arizona. edu%2F~dusana%2Fpsych290Bpresession06%2Fnotes%2FCh1%2520Introduction%2C%2520Inquiry%2C%2520and%2520the%2520Scientific%2520method. ppt;ei=TeA_UaGqD8vZyQHD-4GQAg;usg=AFQjCNEbxy8umFWok015d60lu9H6Y8t0qw. Science in Action’s Science Fair Projects ; More. (2010-2011). The Scientific Method: The Method in the Madness! http://www. science-fair-projects-and-more. com/scientific-method. html How to cite Hypothesis and Conclusion, Essay examples

Bizarre Elements Of Dreams Essay Example For Students

Bizarre Elements Of Dreams Essay BIZARRE ELEMENTS IN DREAMS, DAYDREAMSAND WAKING NARRATIVESImogen NightingaleABSTRACTIn this Experiment, eighty-eight subjects were asked to individually recall and transcribe dreams and daydreams over a one-week period. It was also requested that they note anything prominent that had happened to them over that week. Results worksheets were the filled out and data was handed in for analysis. The hypothesis was to test Hobson McCartleys activation-synthesis hypothesis that dreams would have more bizarreness than other waking narratives, Our results, however, failed to support this, instead showing a higher significance of bizarreness when daydreaming, and supporting the findings of Reinsel, Antrobus ; Wollman. Scene shifts and transformations were also a focus of our study, results were in accordance with our hypothesis, however did not achieve statistical significance.GET BROOK TO LOOK AT THIS!A dream may be defined as a mental experience, occurring in sleep, which is characterised b y hallucinoid imagery, predominantly visual and often vivid (Hobson ; McCarley, 1977). J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley argue that dreams are simply the by-product of bursts of activity amaniting from subcortial areas in the brain (Hobson, 1988; Hobson ; McCarley, 1977; McCarley, 1994, cited in W. Weiten, 1998). One explanation of bizarreness and disruptive discontinuities found in dream reports is provided by the activation-synthesis hypothesis (McCarthy ; Hoffman, 1981 sited in Rittenhouse et al). This model (as seen below in Table 1) proposes that dream bizarreness is a psychological correlate of REM state physiology. The most important tenet of the activation-synthesis hypothesis is that during dreaming the activation brain generates its own information by a pontine brain stem neuronal mechanism (Hobson et al, 1977). This produces wide awake brain waves during REM sleep, creating what is known as a dream. Table 1. Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis ExplainedThe ASH was challenged by Reinsel, Antrobus, ; Wollman (1992)?further claimed that while REM sleep dreams are bizarre, they are no more so than reports of either NREM sleep mentation or waking fantasy. EXTENDWilliams, Merritt, Rittenhouse, ; Hobson supported the activation-synthesis hypothesis reporting that dreams are quantitatively different from waking fantasies (1992). They postulated that dream bizarreness is the direct cognitive correlate of aminergic demodulation of cortical networks in REM sleep. Their results indicate that dreams contain more bizarreness as well as other dreamy features than daydreams and waking fantasy (Williams et al, 1992). Dreams were found to be significantly more bizarre in incongruity and discontinuity, as well as uncertainty. Williams et al. concluded that due to the difference in neuronal activity of the brain between the two states, dreaming and fantasies are two totally different modes of information processing (1992). This is due to the difference in neuronal activity of the brain between the two states (Mamelak ; Hobson, cited in Williams et al., 1992). Specifically, the brain is unable to adequately organise or record events in a dream (Williams et al., 1992). Mamelak ; Hobson found that this would clearly contribute towards changes in thought or scene shifts during a dream (1989). Transformation in dreams and other narratives is considered in this study. Rittenhouse, Stickgold and Hobson, claimed that a dream object does not transform randomly into another object, but into an object that shares formal associative qualities with the first (1994). The purpose of this study is to assess the prediction based on the activation-synthesis hypothesis that there will be greater bizarreness in dreams than in daydreams or waking narratives. This has been supported by the work of Hobson, but challenged by others such as Reinsel, Antrobus, and Wollman. It was also planned to investigate the occurrence of transformations of persons or objects, following the work of Rittenhouse, Stickgold and Hobson. The variables being measured in this study are scene shift (discontinuity of setting in place or time), entity change (discontinuity of character, object or action), and discontinuity (of thoughts or feelings of the dreamer or dream character). Followed by incongruity (a mismatching of features of characters, objects, actions, thoughts or emotions with what is normal in waking life), and finally cognitive uncertainty (of thoughts, emotion or feelings or vagueness surrounding any element of the dream or narrative. METHODParticipantsThe participants were University of Tasmania KHA2112/312 students. There were 88 cases available to be samples, however 8 of these cases have been excluded from the analysis by listwise exclusions of cases that have any missing values. There were 80 cases in the final sample. Black Holes Essay Stephen HawkingOriginal Entity Transformed Entityman and woman with blonde hair ken and barbie (barbie dolls)students face disolving only her skull is leftDISCUSSIONThis study failed to support Hobson and McCarleys (1977) activation-synthesis hypothesis that there would be greater bizarreness in dreams than in daydreams or waking narratives. Our results were supported by Reinsel, Antrobus Wollman when Klinger (1971) stated that the potential for waking fantasy to be equally as bizarre as dreaming . Reinsel et al further claimed that while REM sleep dreams are bizarre, they are no more so than reports of either NREM sleep mentation or waking fantasy (Reinsel et al., cited in Williams et al., 1992). Our results differed from both Hobson et al and Williams et al, whose results confirmed the activation-synthesis hypothesis that there would be greater bizarreness in dreams than in daydreams or waking narratives. This certainly was not the case in our study as daydreams showed to have far greater prominence. Williams et al., when comparing dream reports with waking fantasies, showed that discontinuity is the most state specific class of bizarreness, being 6 times more frequent in dreams than in fantasies (1992). Our results failed to support his finding, with incongruity leading as the most state specific class of bizarreness. At the class level, bizarre transformations of objects and characters appear to be controlled by associational constraints that require the transformed item to normally remain within the same class after the transformation. He also found that no transformations of inanimate objects into characters or vice versa were observed (Rittenhouse, Stickgold Hobson, 1994). Our findings support this study, however our sample indicated that only 12.5% of participants recalled transformations in their reports. This sample is too small to show an accurately high significance. Our inability to confirm our hypothesis may have been due to such methodological errors as 80 participants was not a large enough sample to gain accuracy. It is recognised that reports may have been edited in order to prevent embarrassment, however this is not regarded as likely to confound our analysis. Another problem with using home-based reports is the lack of controlled conditions. Each subject experienced different settings and report techniques. More importantly we cannot ensure that participants recorded their experiences immediately after they occurred, this might have resulted in state dependent amnesia. In summary, this study failed to support Hobsons activation-synthesis hypothesis that there would be greater bizarreness in dreams than in daydreams or waking narratives. The main psychological finding is that, contrary to the activation-synthesis hypothesis; dreams did not have more bizarre features per sentence than daydreams. The one category in which dreams exhibited greater bizarreness was the category for incongruities. Transformation, did support Rittenhouse et al. findings. Had the methodological problems been overcome, the results of our study may have shown results in accordance with the activation-synthesis hypothesis. Psychology

Salvador Dali Essays (825 words) - Salvador Dal,

Salvador Dali Salvador Dali, was born Salvador Felipe Jacinto Dali i Domenech on Monday, 11 May 1904, in the small Spanish town of Figueres, in the foothills of the Pyrenees, approximately sixteen miles from the French border in a region known as Catalonia. His parents supported his talent and built him his first studio while he was still a child in their summer home at Cadaques. Dali went on to attend the San Fernando Academy of Fine Arts in Madrid, Spain. He was married to Gala Eluard in 1934 and died on 23 January 1989 in a hospital in Figueres (Etherington-Smith, 12). Dali never limited himself to one style or particular medium. Beginning with his early impressionistic works, greatest inspiration. Surrealism emerged from what was left of Dada (a European movement categorized by its irrationality and lack of traditional values, sometimes referred to as nihilistic) in the mid 1920s and unlike Dada, Surrealism held a promising and more positive view of art and because of this it won many converts. Surrealism actually got its beginnings as a literary, not artistic, trend in Parisian publications (Stangos, 122). What Surrealism and Dadaism held in common was their belief in the importance of the unconscious mind and its manifestations, as was stressed by Freud. They both believed that through the unconscious mind a plethora of artistic imagery would be unveiled. Both of these , called automatism. The Surrealists also wanted to answer the question how shall I be free? and to express thought without any concepts other than the question itself. They believed that automatism would reveal the true and individual nature of anyone who practiced it, far more completely than could any of hi s conscious creations. For automatism was the most perfect means for reaching laid his foundation for his own Surrealistic art in his youth through his critical paranoia method. This contribution of his was an alternate manner in which to view or perceive reality. It was no new concept; it could be traced back to Leonardo da Vinci and his practice of staring at stains on walls, clouds, streams, etc. and seeing different figures in them (Stangos, 138). Anyone who looks at a cloud and sees something other than just a cloud uses this technique. Dali however gave this method a different twist. Dali linked his paranoiac-critical method, the ability to look at any object and see another, with paranoia, which was characterized then by chronic delusions and hallucinations. Dali himself was not paranoid but was able to place himself in paranoid states. In one of his more famous statements he said, The only difference between myself and a madman is that I am not mad. He was able to look at reality and dream of new ideas and paint them, which he called his hand-painted dream photographs. (The Persistence of Memory, 163) Through his paranoiac-critical method, Dali was able to look at everyday objects and attach a subjective meaning based on his obsessions, phobias and conflicts. The result was a new, imaginative visual presentation of reality. By the forties, however, Dali began his move from Surrealism into what he called his sculptures of the Venus de Milo found throughout the work and the face of his wife floating in the upper , another recurring theme is the dog found beneath the veil that is formed by the surface of the lake. This painting is full of double images, the sculptures becoming the toreador, the dog in the lake, the blood on the bulls back becoming the flies, and the rock face serving as the banderillas that pierced the bull. This work is full of Dali and he himself referred to it as All Dali in one Painting. Another work I wish to speak of is an earlier one, which was mentioned previously, The Slave Market with the Disappearing Bust of Voltaire. This painting, similar to The Hallucinogenic Toreador, displays a variety of double images. His same kind of phenomena. It appears empty now; the pear that was in the bowl is now a part of the mountain in the horizon in the background. Again, this work proves how powerful the hallucinatory force is. Dalis paranoiac-critical method proves to be very effective but it also

Abortion and Euthanasia Essay Example

Abortion and Euthanasia Essay Example Abortion and Euthanasia Essay Abortion and Euthanasia Essay Over the years, these two words have caused much conflict when dealing with moral issues. Some Christians believe all life is sacred so it should be Gods choice when people should die, and no one elses. On the matters of abortion and euthanasia, some Christians feel it is the mothers right to choose while on the other hand some believe there are no circumstances for it.AbortionWhen dealing with this delicate matter, it raises the point, When Does Life Begin?. Through research, I found this: just as there is a continuum between the acorn and the oak, there is a continuum between me and what I was at conception. The big argument is at what stage in this continuum we become persons. This is an important statement, as it brings our attention to the fact the foetus is actually a person, and we are brought up to believe it is wrong to kill. The Roman Catholic Church believes we become persons at conception, but I dont believe this should stop abortion from taking place, as in my opinion, i t is the mothers right to choose, at any time, in any circumstance. Many would disagree with me.A Christian viewpoint of this would be that it is wrong, but some Christians would make exceptions. This shows that views do differ from religious groups, and a different group, Roman Catholics, do not accept abortion is right under any circumstance, and believe that there should be no legal right to abortion. The view that abortion should be banned starts from the belief that no one should take the life of an innocent person, whatever their conscience tells them. Some Christians would agree with me, that life begins at the moment of conception. They believe that when the sperm and egg come together a unique being is formed with its own genetic make up.Supporters of abortion argue that the foetus does not become a person until it is capable of independent life, which is be somewhere between twenty and twenty four weeks after conception. The argument for this is that its soul is there from the beginning but over the years, Christians viewpoints have changed. Although irrelevant now, in the Middle Ages it was thought that the moment when God breathed life into a child was when it began to move in the womb. This theory is very understandable due to their lack of technology that long ago.Other Christians argue that whether or not the foetus is a person is irrelevant, as it is a potential person, so we should therefore value its potential. To these people whatever the argument, abortion is about killing.The two main views of abortion are: A womans right to choose (pro abortion view) and the right to life (anti abortion view). For most Christians there is the difficult question of what to do when the mothers life is in danger. Clearly, one cannot neglect the mother, so these Christians, who value life, believe the attempt should be to save both.The common question about if the child is going to be disabled, then abortion is just is combated by the Christian viewpoint that everyone has a part to play in Gods plan, therefore no one should be killed.One of the worst problems is rape. It is very unjust that a woman should have a child to a rapist. Some Christians still wouldnt change their views, as they would believe two wrongs dont make a right, however, others would so the decision would be split.Some arguments in favor of abortion:A woman should have the right to choose what happens to her body: This coincides with independence rights.If it becomes more difficult to get legalised abortions, there would be an increase in the number of illegal abortions: Back street abortioning can be dangerous, and why provoke people to break the law.It is wrong to bring unwanted children into the world. They may be neglected and become problems in society: This is straightforward and although one should not judge a person by their background, in some cases this can be true.When pregnancy is the result of rape, the woman should not be forced to continue with the preg nancy: This again coincides with independence rights, and the possibility of neglect through resentment towards the child.Abortion is not murder as it only destroys a collection of cells, which cannot survive outside the womb before the twenty-fourth week of pregnancy: This overlaps with the issue When does life begin, and depending on what Church she belonged to, or her thoughts on the matter, it is in the mothers hands on what she makes of this.A woman who is risking dying should be allowed to abort.(Abortion Reform Group)Some arguments against abortion:The unborn child is alive from the moment of conception and has the right to life. An abortion is child killing (infanticide): This like in the in favor section depends on what the mothers belief is, of when the child is alive.If abortions are easily obtained, they maybe used as another form of contraception, encouraging people to have a more lax attitude to sex: Some Christians believe that sex should be saved for marriage. If the re is a more lax attitude to sex, people are not treating it with the respect some Christians believe it should have.Many couples would want to adopt an unwanted baby, but the numbers of these have been reduced due to abortion: This point would be countered by a Christian in favor of abortion, As long as there are foster homes, there is an abundance of potential foster children.The woman afterwards may feel guilty and depressed and may become suicidal: A Christian view would be to get the woman to a councilor, to avoid this happening.The operation may lead to sterility, or damage the woman for life: A Christian would argue this point.There would be no need for abortion if there were sufficient provision to help them overcome emotional and financial difficulty: This point epitomizes what many Christians would like in society. If emotional and financial difficulty were overcome, then many abortions would not take place.(LIFE)The legal positionFor centuries, abortion was not permitted by law except in extreme cases. E.g. the mothers life at risk. This was changed in 1967 Abortion Act, and was reviewed in 1990 in the Human Fertilization and Embryology Act. The law now states that an abortion can be legally performed up to twenty-four weeks if two doctors agree the mothers health is at risk or if the child will be born abnormal.The Christian positionThe bible doesnt directly refer to abortion, so Christians have to try to get around the Commandment You shalt not kill.Roman Catholics believe life starts at conception therefore abortion is completely wrong. Other Christians, Anglicans, and Methodists, who dont believe life begins until the baby has a chance of surviving independently of its mother. These Christians believe abortion is an evil to be avoided, unless it meant greater evils were avoided.The organization Christians for free choice believe the matter should be left to a womans conscience, which is seen as a guide from God as to what action to take. Continu ing pregnancy therefore should not be forced upon a woman.EuthanasiaWhose life is it anyway? is a common question when euthanasia (from the Greek happy death) is discussed. At this point people take different sides.Humanists believe that everyone owns their own life; while on the other hand Christians believe they belong to God. However, Christians never fail to stress what belonging (in this sense) means. To them it means similar when talking about belonging to your family. E.g., you dont make a decision without consulting with them; therefore, Christians believe Gods will must be accounted for.The greatest difference between Christianity and non-religious viewpoints is how pain is seen. A non-religious person who believes that there is nothing beyond life, a painful death is meaningless. Through Jesus, Christians believe in the cross and thereby believe suffering is a challenge. To Christians If we overcome suffering as part of our commitment to God, we grow as persons. They see s uffering as a positive experience and a means of spiritual growth.Some Christians believe all life is sacred, and believe that God wants people to have quality of life and that all life is sacred.They believe God is love and stopping suffering is a loving thing to do and that The Holy Spirit lives in Christians; Euthanasia destroys Gods temple (Corinthians 3.16-17).Ellen Wilkie, writer and actress, is a good example of a Christian viewpoint on life, Death is not a full stop, its a comma. If you look at the whole of life, death is an activity in the middle. It is not the end. I think this sums up the Christian viewpoint on life, but not on euthanasia as it is hard to tell if she is pro euthanasia or against it.Arguments for euthanasia:We should be able to choose how we die: Many Christians would sum up both sides of the argument, before coming to an answer. God should choose how everyone dies, God wants people to have quality of life.It lessens pain for the patient: The quality of li fe quote overlaps with this argument, as if there is no quality of life, then there is no reason in living.People should not have to live if there is no chance of getting better: Some Christians would say God should choose how everyone dies, to this argument.It stops the suffering of relatives watching the patient die a slow and painful death:Arguments against euthanasia:Mistakes can happen.There are painkilling drugs: this is true, but there is no quality of life, while drugged up.The dying patient might not be in the right state of mind while choosing to die quickly: This mental based problem is tackled by psychiatrists before euthanasia takes place.Patients could lose faith in doctors.Euthanasia is no better than murder: This is a dubious argument, which can be argued considerably by Christians either way.If the patient is unable to choose, then who does: This links in with the dilemma, who switches off the life support machine? Again, Christians choices would be split down the m iddle.The Bibles/Christians viewYou shall not murder; God gave everything life, so life should be treated as a gift from God; God helps no matter what and never gives us more suffering than we can take; Finally, only God can decide what will happen to you, not other people.

Principles of accounting 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Principles of accounting 1 - Essay Example Recently, the standards and principles of GAAP have been transited to IFRS with the aim of having a single set of accounting principles with universal applicability. It provides the rules along with regulations in compliance with which, financial statements and reports should be prepared. The accounting standards and principles that are included in the IFRS are universally identified, which implies that every entity, on a global context, must evaluate and represent their accounting information in accordance with the determined rules and regulations of IFRS (Needles, Powers and Crosson 24-25). The essay thus intends to discuss the advantages that can be acquired from a single set of accounting principle. Moreover, the discussion henceforth reveals the disadvantages attached with multiple accounting principles on a global context. The discussion also emphasizes on detailing the accounting standards adopted by IFRS for universal applicability, further detailing the accounting principles that business units operating in United Arab Emirates (UAE) adopts. ADVANTAGES OF IFRS 3 The accounting principles and standards adopted and implemented under the GAAP form the common set of standards and principles developed for recording financial transactions and information in an appropriate manner by publicly listed companies worldwide. Additionally, ‘International Financial Reporting Standards’ (IFRS) have formulated accounting standards and principles, which are adopted as common accounting practices in all the countries. It is identified in this regard that GAAP and IFRS are two different sets in relation to accounting principles that are used in different countries. Both the GAAP and IFRS work with a common objective of guiding companies through a set of common accounting principles on a global context. The accounting principles are principally based on the notion that financial reports with common objectives act as the tool to ensure that financial informatio n are evaluated and recorded in a transparent manner. Moreover, the management team and employees of a company entrusted with the responsibility of analyzing and preparing financial reports is likely to develop accounting reports in a simple and consistent manner. The recording of financial information under a single set of accounting principles can further facilitate in providing better information to worldwide investors along with creditors so that the stakeholders are able to acquire reliable and appropriate information (Wong, â€Å"The Trend of IFRS Conversion: What you need to know about the transition from GAAP to IFRS†). It is worth mentioning in this regard that the principles of GAAP have certain rules along with regulations that lack completeness in relation to several circumstances. In this regard, a single set of accounting principles is developed by the IASB with the objective of developing a transparent procedure of recording and communicating accounting informa tion in order to minimize accounting frauds and misrepresentation of financial statement assisting users, such as the employees of companies, to obtain adequate in relation to the employment benefits they are entitled with. Furthermore, a single set of accounting standards and practices on a global context will facilitate business organizations of different countries to compare their financial performances in an impartial manner providing significant information about the performances of a company

Film Analysis on Product Development (of the film Kinky Boots) Essay

Film Analysis on Product Development (of the film Kinky Boots) - Essay Example Showing him wearing rubber shoes on his way to London signifies his lack of enthusiasm for the shoe production business. His relocation, together with his fiancà ©e, was to his liking as he wants to get away from his family’s business as soon as possible. But the unexpected death of his father forces him to move back to Northamptom and lay off his workers when he figured out there is no way for him to save the company. There was just not enough market for the shoes they are producing. The four generations that proudly carried on the tradition of Price & Sons over the years was on it last days when he entered the picture. Even his father was already set on selling the factory before his death. On an accidental meeting with drag queen Lola, Charlie was hit with an inspiration to create as he described it, â€Å"proper, good, decent, built-to-last boots† (Joel). As it was that men of their persuasion are forced to buy women’s shoes that are not sturdy enough to withstand the weight of a full size man. Drag queens have very specific needs and wants that women’s shoes do not have. The heels break and their feet would hurt as their weight is carried on their feet that are not supported with proper footwear. The brilliant idea of changing the product of Price & Sons hit Charlie and propelled him to do something to save his family’s company. â€Å"You exploit divergence to create a new category, and the expansion of that new category allows your brand to flourish† (Ries and Ries). This revolutionary marketing idea is one that was apparent in the movie ‘Kinky Boots.’ They were more than the first to take advantage of the marketing niche. They were able to create a new category that was distinguishably new in the shoe making industry. There was no other shoe company that specializes in selling shoes that are made for drag queens who prefer women’s design but are also be fabricated accordingly. With the concept, Charlie

Strategic Plan for McDonald's Corporation Research Paper

Strategic Plan for McDonald's Corporation - Research Paper Example The strengths that an organization possesses are crucial because they are used to counter the weaknesses and threats that the organization faces. McDonald's Corporation is not new in the market but that does not mean that its success cannot be challenged by emerging entities (Evans, 2011). McDonald's Corporation was started in the year 1940 and it has grown to become the largest hamburger and fast food outlet in the world. It serves more than sixty-eight million customers everyday in one hundred and nineteen countries. This implies that the outlets are the most frequented by customers across the world. The company was started by two brothers, Richard and Maurice McDonald but they were later joined by Ray Kroc in the year 1955 as a franchise agent. All McDonald's restaurants are operated by an affiliate, a franchisee, or the company. Furthermore, most of the company’s revenue comes from fees and royalties from franchisees, rent, or sales from the company operated restaurants. T he main products offered by McDonald's restaurants are cheeseburgers, hamburgers, French fries, chicken, soft drinks, desserts, breakfast items and milkshakes. The world of business has been changing over the last few years and in a bid to ensure that customers are satisfied, the company has expanded its operations to include wraps, fruits, smoothies and salads (Evans 2011). The first restaurant to be opened under the name of McDonald's was situated at 398 North E Street at West 14th Street in San Bernardino. It was opened by the two McDonald's brothers mentioned above. The brothers noticed that restaurants operated by the name of the White Castle were making profits because of operating in the Speedee Service System. The brothers took advantage of the new phenomenon to make their name in the fast food industry. In addition, they used a mascot that was of a man with a chef’s hat, which was worn on a hamburger shaped head. Ronald McDonald replaced the mascot with a man shaped as a clown with his legs puffed out in 1967. The name McDonald’s became a trademark in the US after it was filed for the same status on 04 May 1961. After Kroc joined the company he later purchased it from the McDonald’s brothers and later transformed the business into international status (Evans 2011). Kroc’s way of doing business was very aggressive, which meant that he was incompatible with the McDonald’s brothers. Although the brothers contested the takeover, it is worth noting that Kroc won the battle and purchased the equity that the brothers owned. This was the second birth of the organization because Kroc had other ideas for the organization. In a bid to ensure that Kroc broke away from the founders’ way of doing business, he sold the first McDonald's Corporation’s outlet. The first restaurant, which was situated at San Bernardino, was sold to Juan Pollo restaurants after its demolition in 1976. Globalization and the American way of life are closely associated with the organization because of the way it has spread to several countries across the world. In addition, debates have been going about obesity, consumer responsibility and corporate ethics (Evans 2011). Although people are concerned about the products that are offered at the organization, it has to be noted that people make their own choices. This implies that most of the foods that are served at the restaurant have health concerns but the organization does not force

Definitions and Strategies of Communication

Definitions and Strategies of Communication Communication is the nervous system of an organisation. It keeps the members of the organisation informed about the internal and external happenings relevant to a task and of interest to the organisation. It co-ordinates the efforts of the members towards achieving organisational objectives. It is the process of influencing the action of a person or a group. It is a process of meaningful interaction among human beings to initiate, execute, accomplish, or prevent certain actions. Communication is, thus, the life blood of an organisation. Without communication, an organisation, an organisation is lifeless and its very existence is in danger. The term communication has been derived from the Latin word ‘cmmunis that means ‘common and thus, if a person effects communication, he establishes a common ground of understanding. Literally, communication means to inform, to tell, to show, or to spread information. Thus, it may be interpreted as an interchange of thought or information to bring about understanding and confidence for good industrial relations. It brings about unity of purpose, interest, and efforts in an organisation. Definitions: â€Å"Communication is the sum of all things, one person does when he wants to create understanding in the minds of another, it involves a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening and understanding.† -Allen Louis Communication has been defined â€Å"As the transfer of information from one person to another whether or not it elicits confidence.† -Koontz and ODonell â€Å"Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons.† George Terry Communication is defined as â€Å"the process of passing information and understanding from one person to another, it is essentially a bridge of meaning between people. By using the bridge of meaning a person can safely cross the river of misunderstanding.† Keith Davis The analysis of the above definitions implies that the communication process should have the following characteristics: ).I A two way traffic: Since communication is an exchange of views, opinions, directions etc., it is a two-way traffic, upward and downward. Messages, directives, opinions, etc., are communicated downward, from a higher level to a lower level in the hierarchy of management. Likewise, grievances, complaints, opinions feelings, points of view etc., are communicated upward along the line, from workers (lower level) to management (higher level). George Terry has rightly remarked, â€Å"Simply talking or writing without regard to the recipients response, is conducive to misunderstanding.† Thus, communication should be both ways. ).II Continuous process: Communication is a continuous process. More often than not, it is repeated to achieve the desired results. It is not a one time shot. ).III A short lived process: The process of communication is complete as soon as the message is received and understood by the receiver in the right perspective; hence, it is a short lived process. ).IV Needs proper understanding: There may be numerous media of communication but the main purpose of conveying the message is a proper understanding of the message by the other party. For this purpose, it should be clearly and concisely worded. ).V Leads achievement of the organizational objective: Effective communication does this by creating the sense of object orientation in the organization. ).VI Dispels misunderstanding: In this sense, it provides clear understanding between persons and thus builds a bridge of comradrie among people. Answer 1. (b) PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION The following principles can be followed to make the communication system more effective: ().i Principle of clarity: The idea or the message to be transmitted should be clearly worded so that it may be interpreted by the receiver in the same sense in which it is communicated. There should be no ambiguity in the message. For this purpose, the idea to be communicated should be very clear in the mind of the sender. It should be kept in mind that the words do not speak themselves, but the speaker gives them meaning. If the message is clear, it would evoke an appropriate response from the other party. It is also necessary that the receiver must be conversant with the language, the inherent assumptions, and the mechanics of communication. ().ii Principle of integrity: Communication should be aimed at motivating people to take action as agreed upon. In this process, the superiors rely upon the subordinates and under assumption that their integrity is unimpeackable. It is because the integrity of the organisation is related to the level of integrity possessed by the subordinates. No communication may evoke a response from the subordinates if their integrity is doubted. The superiors should trust the subordinates, accept their view points and never doubt their intention, in executing the task entrusted to them. ().iii Principle of informality: Formal communication system is cornerstone of a formal organisation, and it leads to transmittal of messages. But, sometimes, formal communications prove ineffective in evoking the needed response from the subordinates. In such cases, the superiors should adopt the strategy of making use of informal channels of communication: they may contact, if necessary, the subordinates personally or through someone else to persuade them to translate their orders into action. Informal communication at times proves for more effective than formal communication. ().iv Principle of attention: In order to make the message effective, the recipients attention should be drawn to the message communicated. Each one is different in behaviour, sentiments and emotions, which determine the degree of attention. For this purpose, the superior must note that he himself should not expect from his subordinates what he himself does not practice. So, a manager cannot enforce punctuality if he himself is not punctual: â€Å"Actions speaks louder than words.† ().v Principle of consistency: This principle implies that communication should always be consistent with the policies, plans, programmes and objectives of the organisation, and not in conflict with them. Messages which are inconsistent with the policies and plans of the organisation create confusion in the minds of the subordinates about their implementation; and, such a situation may prove detrimental to the organisations health. ().vi Principle of adequacy: The information should be adequate and complete in all respects. Inadequate and incomplete information may delay action and destroy understanding, and create confusion. Inadequate information also affects the efficiency of the sender and the receiver of the communication. ().vii Principle of timeliness: All messages should be transmitted at the proper time. Any delay in communicating message serves no purpose except to make them merely historical document as it loses its importance after some time. ().viii Principle of feedback: One of the most important principles of communications is the principle of feedback. The communicator must have feedback information from the recipient to know whether the recipient has understood the message in the same sense in which the sender has meant it, or whether the subordinates agree or disagree with the contents of the message. It also helps in understanding attitude of the people. ().ix Principle of communications network: Communications network means the routes through which the communication travels to its destination, the person for whom it is meant. A number of such networks may exist in an organisation at a given point of time; but the management should consider the effectiveness of the communications network in the given situation and its effects on the behaviour of the recipient before it finally chooses the network. The above principles if followed will make the communication effective. An effective system of communication should be installed in the organisation so as to promote better industrial relations. Answer 2. (a) COMMUNICATION IS A TWO-WAY PROCESS Management of an organisation is effective only when its communication machinery is effective. The very existence of management depends upon an effective machinery of communication. Effective communication machinery is important because it communicates, and helps in implementing, the policies and objectives of the organisation on the one hand and also helps in understanding the nature and behaviour of the people at work. Management communication is a two-way process. It means that the management must allow both the parties the management and the subordinates to convey their feelings, ideas, opinions, facts, grievances etc. to the other party. Communication is said to be a continuous process of exchange of views and ideas but it should be both ways down ward and upward. The communication machinery or process should not only provide the manager with a the privilege of communicating orders and directions to the workers to get the work done towards the achievement of organisational objectives as pleaded by the classical theory of organisation behaviour knows as Theory X by McGregor, but the workers also must be given a right to approach the management and communicate their complaints, grievances, opinions, facts, suggestions etc. which may be in response to the orders or directions received from the management, or in the interest of the organisation, contributing to the achievement of its objectives. Thi s two-way traffic is advantageous to both the management and the workers. Managers, very often like that the subordinates must listen to them and follow their orders and directions whatsoever. On the other hand, managers are not prepared to listen to their subordinates regarding what they think about them and of their suggestions, ideas or direction. They are not bothered about their subordinates likes and dislikes and how they can contribute to the organisational objectives. Management in this way cannot be effective. Without giving subordinates an opportunity to be heard their feelings will remain suppressed and they may breakdown at any time. A message can be interpreted by the recipient according to the image of the communicator in the mind of the recipient. If the image is bad the version of the massage may be distorted and interpreted differently. The bad image can be erased through proper communication from the other side which is possible only when there is two-way communication in the organisation. Thus creation of organizational systems allowing two-way traffic will improve the morale of the workers on the one hand because they think that they have a say in the management and will improve the working of the organisation on the other hand because management worker relation develop in a cordial atmosphere. Thus two-way communication is necessary for effective management. Communication is a process that allows organisms to exchange information by several methods. Communication requires that all parties understand a common language that is exchanged with each other. Exchange requires feedback. The word communication is also used in the context where little or no feedback is expected such as broadcasting, or where the feedback may be delayed as the sender or receiver use different methods, technologies, timing and means for feedback. There are auditory means, such as speaking, singing and sometimes tone of voice, and nonverbal, physical means, such as body language, sign language, paralanguage, touch, eye contact, or the use of writing. Communication happens at many levels (even for one single action), in many different ways, and for most beings, as well as certain machines. Several, if not all, fields of study dedicate a portion of attention to communication, so when speaking about communication it is very important to be sure about what aspects of communication one is speaking about. Definitions of communication range widely, some recognizing that animals can communicate with each other as well as human beings, and some are narrower, only including human beings within the parameters of human symbolic interaction. Nonetheless, communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Content (what type of things are communicated) Source/Emisor/Sender/Encoder (by whom) Form (in which form) Channel (through which medium) Destination/Receiver/Target/Decoder (to whom) Purpose/Pragmatic aspect (with what kind of results) Answer 2. (b) IMPORTANCE OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION In this age of competition communication is the number one problem of the management. Competition, complex methods of production, large scale operations and specialisation in production functions have increased the importance of communication. Without effective communication a manager cannot perform his duties well. Communication is as essential to business as blood is to the human body. Success of the communication system affects the success of business. The following points will prove its importance in business: 1. Smooth Working of a Business Firm Communication is necessary for the successful smooth and unrestricted working of an enterprise. All organisational interaction depends upon working of an enterprise. All organisational interaction depends upon communication. The manager co-ordinates the human and the physical elements of an organisation into an efficient and working unit that achieves common objectives. Be it an activity of purchase or sale or production or finance it is the process of communication that makes cooperative action possible. The internal and external communication process of an organisation decides the various activities to be done and various objectives to be achieved. â€Å"Communication is basic to an organisations existence from birth of the organisation through its continuing life when communication stops, organised activity ceases to exist.† 2. Basis of Managerial Function Communication plays an important role in discharging the various functions of management. No function of management is possible without the communication process. Its importance in performing the various functions is as follows: Planning: Planning the most important among the functions of management, requires extensive communication among the executives and the other personnel. Communication is important in executing a planned programme and then controlling the activities of the personnel with the help of feedback information. Organisation: Organisation is the second important function of management which decides the various activities of an organisation, divides them into workable units, delegates authority to perform the. For this purpose, communication is a must because different persons, departments and group come to know their powers and jurisdiction only through an effective means of communication. Direction and Leadership: Direction and effective leadership requires an efficient system of communication in an organisation. A good leader can direct or lead his subordinates only when an efficient system of communication is present. It brings both the leader and the subordinates in close contact with each other and removes misunderstanding if any. Motivation: An efficient system of communication enables management to change the attitude of the subordinates and to motivate, influence and satisfy them. Most of the conflicts in business are not basic but are caused by misunderstood motives and ignorance of facts. Proper and timely communication between the interested parties, reduces the points of friction and minimises those that inevitably arise. Co-ordination: The present day big organisations, designed on the basis of specialisation and division of labour are constituted of a large number of people. In order to achieve the desired objective, it is very necessary to co-ordinate the efforts of labour engaged in the various activities of production and the organisation. Co-ordination requires mutual understanding about the organisational goals and the mode of their accomplishment; and the interrelationship between the works being performed by various individuals. Control: Communication aids in controlling the activities of the individuals department and groups. The facts standards and information are communicated to the concerned parties and they perform their respective obligations according to the standards set forth in the plan. 3. Maximum Production at Minimum Cost Every organisation aims at getting the maximum output at the minimum cost and for this purpose it requires an effective internal and external communication system. In the external field, and efficient communication system helps in improving public opinion having contacts with government departments and getting market information in order to achieve the primary goals. 4. Prompt Decision and its Implementation In order to make prompt decisions, fact collecting process is necessary. Information must be received before any meaningful decision and for this purpose communication is a primary requirement. Again to implement the decision effectively its communication to subordinates concerned is essential. Thus, decision-making and its implementation require and effective system of communication. 5. Building Human Relations Man is the most active and effective factor of production and good human relations are the basis of cooperation and industrial peace that requires good working conditions and work-environment. As we have discussed earlier communication is a two-way traffic which helps promote cooperation and mutual understanding between the two partners of an organisation. Efficient downward communication helps the management to tell the subordinates what the organisation wants and how it can be performed. On the other hand upward communication helps the workers in putting their grievances and suggestions and reactions to the policies, before the management. 6. Job-satisfaction and Good Morale Morale is the human element that motivates a man to work in the right spirit. Good communication removes the possibility of misunderstanding among the parties concerned. Workers know what they have to do and how it creates a sense of cooperation among them. It increases the morale of the workers and each worker will have job satisfaction. 7. Avoids Illusion While passing through various stages information may be distorted by interested parties and many create illusion and misunderstanding among persons. Illusion is the great enemy of communication. An efficient system of communication aims at removing illusions and misunderstanding by communicating facts and figures. 8. Contacts with External Parties Communication is essential not only for the internal management of the organisation but it also helps contacts with the outside world. Contact with outside agencies such as customers, associations, other manufacturers, advertisers, suppliers, trade unions, research councils and institutions, etc. are necessary for furthering the interests of the organisation. It increases the goodwill of the firm and helps in creating a favourable public attitude towards the organisation. Answer 3. (a) Broad Categories of communication in an Organisation Communication on the basis of organisation structure may be classified into two broad categories: Formal and Informal. 1. Formal Communication Formal communication is closely associated with a formal organisational structure. The communication flows through formal channels, officially recognised positions along the line in the organisation. In the organisation the path along which a communication is to travel is deliberately created to regulate the flows of communication so as to make it orderly and thereby to ensure that the required information flows smoothly, accurately and timely to the points at which it is required. Very often we hear the term through proper channels which means communication through the channel prescribed in the organisation. It is the path of the line of authority linking two positions in the organisation. It is also known as the chain line of command. Advantages of formal Communication: It helps in maintaining the authority of line executives over their subordinates who are responsible to get the work done by their subordinates and are answerable to their bosses. The responsibility of the subordinates for the activities carried out by them can easily be fixed. An immediate superior has direct contact with the subordinates; so, a better understanding is developed between them and communication is made more effective. Since an executive better informed about the organisation and its problems than the subordinates a better solution can possibly be found easily and good relations between the leader and his subordinates develop. Disadvantages of formal Communication: Every happening in an organisation cannot be foreseen; hence action required for unforeseen events cannot be formalised. It increases the workload of the line superior because all communications are transmitted through tem. Thus, it leaves the superiors with little time to perform other organisational functions well. There are more chances of red-tapism and delay tactics in this method because executives generally overlook the interests of the subordinates. Any information upward or downward favouring subordinates is more often suppressed or delayed by the superiors. (iv). In most of the big organisations contact between the top executive and the subordinates at the lowest level are far remote. Very often they do not recognise each other. This adversely affects the relations of executives and subordinates. 2.Informal Communication Informal communication also known as the grapevine is not a planned or deliberately created channel of communication. It is free from all formalities. No formal organisational chart is followed to convey messages. It is based on the informal relations of the two persons, the sender and the receiver of communication. A general manager may develop contacts with a worker at the lowest level and communicate certain important information relating to him direct to the worker. It is an example of informal communication. It is the result of the natural desire of people to communicate with each other when they come into contact on a regular basis. When interaction takes place among them a small social groups emerges spontaneously and members of the group develop their own communication system known as an informal communication channel or the grapevine. Advantages of informal communication: The communication travels at a faster speed because there is no formal line of communication. It is multi dimensional. As there is no channel of communication, communication may be made on any topic of interest to any person in the group irrespective of his position in the formal organisation. It may go to any extent all limits as to direction and degree of communication is self-impose. It is dynamic and reacts quickly because informal channels have their sanctions in the group and develop within the organisation. At times it may supplement the formal channel. Certain matters which are difficult to communicate through formal channels may be effectively communicated through informal channels. If properly utilised it may clarify the managements points of view to the subordinates which otherwise may not be appealing or it may provide necessary feedback to managers on the possible effects of a decision or action of the management. Disadvantages of informal communication: It very often carries half-truths, rumours and distorted facts at an alarming rate of speed. As there is no mechanism for authentication of the news and views, members of the organisation are likely to be misinformed and misled by informal communications. Sometimes the messages communicated through informal channels are so erratic that any action based on these cannot be taken and if taken it may lead to a difficult situation in the organisation because responsibility for erratic messages cannot be fixed. In informal communication, there are greater chances of distortion of messages. Each person conveying the message may add, subtract, or change the original message according to his motive or interest. There is a chance that by the time a message completes its complex journey, it may be completely distorted. Answer 3. (b) Written Communication Written communication is often resorted to by the management for messages that are lengthy and have to be made permanent. It is also undertaken when oral communication cannot reach each and every person concerned, either due to a large number of communications or duel to long geographical distances between the sender and the receiver. Written communication includes written words, graphs, charts, manuals, reports, diagrams, pictures, letters, circulars etc. Written communication is the most common form of communication used in an organisational set up to be effective, written communication must posses four important characteristics. It should be clear, complete, correct and to be intelligible. Writing is the representation of language in a textual medium through the use of signs or symbols. It is distinguished from illustration, such as cave drawing and painting, and the recording of language via a non-textual medium such as magnetic tape audio. Writing is also a distinctly human activity. It has been said that a monkey, randomly typing away on a typewriter (in the days when typewriters replaced the pen or plume as the preferred instrument of writing) could re-create Shakespeare but only if it lived long enough (this is known as the infinite monkey theorem). Such writing has been speculatively designated as coincidental. It is also speculated that extra-terrestrial beings exist who may possess knowledge of writing. The fact is, however, that the only known writing is human writing. Advantages of written communication: Written communication has the following advantages: Written communications possess the quality of being stored for future reference. Policy matters, service conditions, confidential orders and instructions and many other communications can be effectively and satisfactorily communicated only through written communication because they are necessary for future reference so that necessary action may be taken against the subordinates who fail to follow the communication. It can be used as evidence if any dispute about jurisdiction or bypassing etc. arises. When the sender and the receiver are at distant points, even beyond telephonic range written communication is the only means of communication. Written communication is the only way out in such cases where the message is too lengthy and meant for a large number of persons. Written communication gives more time to the receiver to think, analyse, and then decide upon the right course of action. Written communication is more orderly; and it is binding upon the subordinates and their superiors. Written communication becomes essential to pass on to others correct and accurate information. While writing a message superfluous words and all possible errors can be avoided to make it concise. Answer 4. (a) Effective Communication Barriers These barriers, obstructions and interruptions in communication may broadly be categorized into the following groups: External Barriers Organisational Barriers Personal Barriers External barriers External barriers are those caused by factors other than organisational and personal factors. Such external barriers may be (a) semantic barriers, (b) emotional or psychological barriers. 1. Semantic Barriers Such barriers are obstructions caused in the process of receiving or understanding a message during the process of encoding or decoding it into words and ideas. The linguistic capacity of the two parties may have some limitations or the symbols used may be ambiguous. Symbols may have several meanings and unless the context is known to the receiver he is likely to take the meaning of the symbol according to his preconceived notion and misunderstand the communication. Symbols may be classified as language, picture or action. (i). Language In written or verbal communication, words used are important. A word used in the communication may have several meanings. In a face to face communication, it is easy to seek clarification of words used, if any doubt is encountered. In case of doubt feedback is required. Many words which we use informally may be taken literally in other contexts, non-friendly situations or in written communication. (ii). Picture Picture is another type of symbol. Pictures are visual aids worth thousands of words. An organisation makes extensive use of pictures like blueprints, charts, maps, graphs, films, three dimensional models and other similar devices. A viewer may come to understand the whole story when he sees them. (iii). Action Action is another type of symbol. We communicate by both by action or by lack of it. To do or not to do both have a meaning for the receiver. For example if a subordinate does a good job, patting and non-patting on his back by the superior both have a meaning. Patting may inspire him to do a better job again and non-patting may make him disappointed. In this sense we communicate all the times on the job whether we intend to do so or not. Action or non-action may influence the perception of the receiver. 2. Emotional or Psychological Barriers Personal or emotional or psychological barriers arise from motives, attitudes judgement sentiments emotions and social values of participants. These create a psychological distance that hinders the communication or partly filters it out or causes misinterpretation. The following are some emotional barriers: (i). Premature evaluation Premature evaluation is a tendency to evaluate a communication prematurely rather than keeping an open mind during the interchange. Such evaluation interferes with the transfer of information and begets a sense of futility in the sender. (ii). Loss in transmission and retention When communication passes through various levels in an organisation, successive transmissions of the same message are decreasingly accurate. A part of information is lost in transit it is said that about 30% of the information is lost in each transmission. (iii). Distrust of communicator The communicator is sometimes distrusted by his own subordinates. It happens when he lacks self-confidence or is less competent in his position. He frequently makes ill considered judgements or illogical decisions and then reviews his own decisions when he fails to implement them. (iv). Failure to communicate Sometimes manager do not communicate the needed messages to their subordinates. This might be because of laziness or procrastination on their part or they arbitrarily assume that everybody has got the information or they may hide information deliberately to embarrass the subordinate. Organisation Barriers

Liberals and Conservatives in Post Revolutionary Latin America Essay

Liberals and Conservatives in Post Revolutionary Latin America Models for post-revolutionary Latin American government are born of the complex economic and social realities of 17th and 18th century Europe. From the momentum of the Enlightenment came major political rebellions of the elite class against entrenched national monarchies and systems of power. Within this time period of elitist revolt and intensive political restructuring, the fundamental basis for both liberal and conservative ideology was driven deep into Latin American soil. However, as neither ideology sought to fulfill or even recognize the needs or rights of mestizo people under government rule, the initial liberal doctrine pervading Latin American nations perpetuated racism and economic exploitation, and paved the way for all-consuming, cultural wars in the centuries to come. Throughout the Iberian Peninsula and Colonial Europe, the sweeping philosophical shift from religious and spiritual pursuits to a greater emphasis on logic and reason foreshadowed remarkable social reformation. In Latin America, the Ibero...

Hardware and Software Essay

A way to make the revenue cycle run smoothly is by integrating hardware and software to assist in the setup of the various systems. This setup would make it easier for Riordan Manufacturing to access their financial information. We will discuss what hardware and software is needed, and will go on to identify who accesses this information. Another area to cover is the controls that need to be implemented based around the accounting procedures, and what information should be available through the corporate Internet and intranet. Examining Hardware and SoftwareTo integrate cost of goods sold into the accounting process Riordan Manufacturing would need a system to work for all locations. Currently, the thr ee locations have different systems. It would require software that is compatible for all locations as well. At the present time, each location uses different software as well. Information Shared Between Different Cycles One source of information to be shared would be the balance sheet. It highlights the company’s assets, liabilities, and stockholders equity. Another source of information to share is the income statement. The breakdown of revenue and expenses appear on this statement. The final results capture net profit or net loss. Access to Information While integrating this accounting process into an automated system there should be only a select few people who have access to the information contained in the database. Those people would include the database designer, the people or persons installing the hardware or software and database management. The database designer would need access to the information for obvious reasons along with the persons installing the hardware or software. Database management would need access to the information to insure that the information is being installed correctly and to insure breach of security is not an issue. When creating a database, there should be as few people as possible that have access to the information. That way information contained in the database can be kept as secure as possible. Internal Controls The internal controls required for the revenue cycle  specifically dealing with cost of goods sold are similar to other accounting areas. The first set of internal controls deal with whom has access to the accounting information system. The set of controls that deal with issues of security in the system and are embedded into the system are called IT general controls (Bagranoff 2008). IT general controls deal with whom is authorized to access and change data files. One of the general controls required for the company’s system would be restricting access to programs. The control would prevent unauthorized personal from changing anything in the program. The second area of internal controls or application controls deals with transactions. Application controls can be divided in three parts: input control, processing controls, and output controls (Bagranoff 2008). These three areas of control deal with data input, processing data and the reporting of processed data. Application controls are vital to ensuring accuracy and legitimacy of the data. Two common input internal controls that would be required are feedback mechanism and edit tests. Additional internal controls can be added to better facilitate the input processes. Processing data controls deals with the data after input. The first internal control needed is an audit trail. This control allows a person to follow the route the data has taken and will take. The second area is file control which ensures the integrity of the file. The final step in application control is the output controls. One area of concern in this area is control of company forms. In the area of revenue specifically cost of goods sold the forms that should be managed are purchase orders and inventory control sheets. Reports Generated IT is currently being used to support finance and accounting decisions, inventory control, and logistics. While it is apparent that the inventory methods in use are effective, there is room for improvement. Documenting the receipt of raw materials and shipping of manufactured items is done using paper invoices. IT can be applied to this process to achieve a  more streamlined approach. One way to streamline the process is to automate the receipt of raw materials so that necessary inventory data is automatically entered into the inventory system as raw materials are received, instead of waiting for clerks to input this data manually. Using bar code scanner technology to input this data would be a more efficient and would reduce errors. A similar process could be used for outbound shipping of finished products. Integrating bar code technology with Riordan’s existing database would allow management to receive real-time inventory data on raw materials received and manufactured products shipped. Making the data available in real-time, instead of having to wait for data entry clerks to manually input the data, would further enhance the business intelligence (BI) necessary to support both operational and strategic decision-making. Intranet or Internet As a way to make the accounting process easier for all involved, Riordan Manufacturing must brainstorm on how to provide information through the corporate intranet or Internet. In order to decide on where to list information, some detail on the meaning of the intranet and Internet is provided. â€Å"The intranet is for internal communications purposes. These computer networks use the same software as the Internet, but are internal to the organization that created them† (Bagranoff, 2008, p. 7). â€Å"The Internet is a collection of local and wide area networks that are now connected together via the Internet backbone – that is, the main electronic connections of the system† (Bagranoff, 2008, p. 5). A good way to use the intranet would be to have all locations connected. This in return would allow all information to be accessible to each location. At the same time, it saves time trying to get information forwarded to corporate. The intranet could be used to give updates on key issues relating to the accounting process as well. The Internet is a good place to provide customers with information on the history of Riordan Manufacturing. Another area of interest is listing some information on the products that are being sold. Listing a telephone number with a contact for the customer to call regarding issues is a good idea as well. Conclusion With the hardware and software implemented and having good internal controls over the accounting information will help to have more consistent and more accurate financial reports. The revenue cycle is an important factor in running the business from the time an order invoices to the time the order is collected. Being able to report quicker and faster on internal financial reports will even give the business a quick glance of how they are doing from week-to-week or monthly so they know what they need to work on, or even if they need to make a purchase. This way the business will always know where they stand on their financials. Reference Bagranoff, N. A., Simkin, M. G., and Strand, C. (2008). Core Concepts of AccountingInformation Systems (10th ed.). [Electronic Version]. New York: Wiley. Retrieved July 10, 2008 from University of Phoenix, ACC/340, rEsource Web site: https://mycampus.phoenix.edu/login.aspBagranoff, N. A. (2008). Accounting on the Internet. [University of Phoenix CustomEdition e-text].John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Retrieved July 12, 2008, from University ofPhoenix, ACC340 Web site.

Best Analysis Green Light in The Great Gatsby

Best Analysis Green Light in The Great Gatsby SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips One of the most arresting images in The Great Gatsby is Nick's vision of Gatsby stretching his arms out towards a small green light on the opposite shore of the bay. The mysterious, almost mystical nature of this gesture is a sure-fire sign that this green light is a symbol. What is a symbol? It's something that is given extra meaning beyond itself. Something that stops being simply an everyday object, and instead represents thoughts and ideas that are bigger than itself. What are the abstract ideas behind the green light in The Great Gatsby? Read on to see where this symbol pops up in the novel, what themes it is connected to, which characters are most closely associated with it, and some ideas for essay topics on this symbol. Quick Note on Our Citations Our citation format in this guide is (chapter.paragraph). We're using this system since there are many editions of Gatsby, so using page numbers would only work for students with our copy of the book. To find a quotation we cite via chapter and paragraph in your book, you can either eyeball it (Paragraph 1-50: beginning of chapter; 50-100: middle of chapter; 100-on: end of chapter), or use the search function if you're using an online or eReader version of the text. What Is the Green Light in The Great Gatsby? Before we delve into the symbolic meaning of the green light, let's first establish what this object is in concrete terms. The green light is a permanently lit electric lamp that marks the end of Daisy and Tom's boat dock. It's a way to warn boats at night or during inclement weather that there is a structure there- this is why it is always on. Because the Buchanans' mansion is directly across the bay from Gatsby's mansion, Gatsby can always see the green light. Key Quotes About the Green Light In order to figure out what the green light means as a symbol, let's do some close reading of the moments where it occurs in The Great Gatsby. The Green Light in Chapter 1 The image of the green light at the end of Daisy's dock occurs for the first time at the end of the novel's first chapter. Before we have even met Gatsby, we get a description of him stretching out his arms towards something he can't reach- a gesture he will repeat over and over again. ...a figure had emerged from the shadow of my neighbor's mansion and was standing with his hands in his pockets regarding the silver pepper of the stars. Something in his leisurely movements and the secure position of his feet upon the lawn suggested that it was Mr. Gatsby himself, come out to determine what share was his of our local heavens. ...he stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and far as I was from him I could have sworn he was trembling. Involuntarily I glanced seawardand distinguished nothing except a single green light, minute and far away, that might have been the end of a dock. When I looked once more for Gatsby he had vanished, and I was alone again in the unquiet darkness. (1.151-152) One thing in particular is interesting about the introduction of the green light: it's very mysterious. Nick seems not to be quite sure where the light is, or what its function might be: Although physically bounded by the width of the bay, the light is described as impossibly small ("minute" means "tiny enough to be almost insignificant") and confusingly distant. Even though we find out later that the light never turns off, here Nick only seems to be able to see the light when Gatsby is reaching out towards it. As soon as Gatsby disappears, Nick is in "darkness." This vagueness and mystery is a good way for the novel to underscore the fact that this light is a symbol- it stands not just for the physical object that it describes, but for an idea within the book. What's the idea? I'll talk all about it in the next section of this article. The Green Light in Chapter 5 We return to the image of the light exactly halfway through the novel, in the fifth chapter, when Gatsby is showing Daisy around his mansion after he "accidentally" runs into her at Nick's house. "If it wasn't for the mist we could see your home across the bay," said Gatsby. "You always have a green light that burns all night at the end of your dock." Daisy put her arm through his abruptly but he seemed absorbed in what he had just said. Possibly it had occurred to him that the colossal significance of that light had now vanished forever. Compared to the great distance that had separated him from Daisy it had seemed very near to her, almost touching her. It had seemed as close as a star to the moon. Now it was again a green light on a dock. His count of enchanted objects had diminished by one. (5.7-8) This appearance of the green light is just as vitally important as the first one, mostly because the way the light is presented now is totally different than when we first saw it. Instead of the "enchanted" magical object we first saw, now the light has had its "colossal significance," or its symbolic meaning, removed from it. This is because Gatsby is now actually standing there and touching Daisy herself, so he no longer needs to stretch his arms out towards the light or worry that it's shrouded in mist. However, this separation of the green light from its symbolic meaning is somehow sad and troubling. Gatsby seemingly ignores Daisy putting her arm through his because he is "absorbed" in the thought that the green light is now just a regular thing. Nick's observation that Gatsby's "enchanted objects" are down one sounds like a lament- how many enchanted objects are there in anyone's life? Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. The Green Light in Chapter 9 The last time we encounter the green light is in the final paragraphs of the novel. And as I sat there brooding on the old, unknown world, I thought of Gatsby's wonder when he first picked out the green light at the end of Daisy's dock. He had come a long way to this blue lawn and his dream must have seemed so close that he could hardly fail to grasp it. He did not know that it was already behind him, somewhere back in that vast obscurity beyond the city, where the dark fields of the republic rolled on under the night. Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgastic future that year by year recedes before us. It eluded us then, but that's no mattertomorrow we will run faster, stretch out our arms farther. . . . And one fine morning So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past. (9.152-154) Now the light has totally ceased being an observable object. Nick is not in Long Island any more, Gatsby is dead, Daisy is gone for good, and the only way the green light exists is in Nick's memories and philosophical observations. This means that the light is now just a symbol and nothing else. But it is not the same deeply personal symbol it was in the first chapter. Check out the way Nick transitions from describing the green light as something "Gatsby believed in" to using it as something that motivates "us." Gatsby is no longer the only one reaching for this symbol- we all, universally, "stretch out our arms" toward it, hoping to reach it tomorrow or the next day. You can read a more in-depth analysis of the end of the novel in our article on the last paragraphs and last line of the novel. We're basically saying that the green light is Gatsby's precious, right? The Meaning and Significance of the Green Light in The Great Gatsby Like many of the most interesting symbols, the green light changes and develops its meaning through the novel. In the beginning, the light stands for Gatsby's dreams, hopes, and desires to reunite with Daisy and recapitulate their beautiful month of love from five years earlier. This positive association connects with the color green. Green means go (stoplights were introduced in the 1910s-20s, so this was a relatively new association), green means spring, rebirth, and the start of new life. The positive meaning also works well with the idea of a dock light. Daisy is a beacon, pulling Gatsby out of the darkness and steering him in the right direction. However, during the novel, Gatsby's dream is revealed to be the delusional conviction that he could ignore five years of events and Daisy's own personality and inner life to get what he wants. With this disappointment, the symbolic meaning behind the green light collapses. Daisy is not a magically perfect creature, but instead a fallible and deeply flawed person. The love Gatsby feels for her can only be played out as a secretive and morally questionable affair. And the green light loses its "enchanted" qualities and instead is revealed to be the not particularly reliable indicator that it actually is (suddenly, it becomes invisible in the fog). Finally, as Gatsby's dream is dashed, the green light stops being something that is his alone, and instead takes on a universal quality. Now it stands for the unreachable dream that lives inside all people. For Nick, life is a constant struggle between our past mistakes, experiences, and sense of reality, which pull us back and weigh us down, and the green light of unrealistic hope that drives us to think we will do better and achieve more the next day. The green light ends up standing for this dream of an "orgastic future"- that's right, that means a future lived at the height of orgasm- which is constantly getting farther and farther away, and that we keep trying to grab for, despite the impossibility of reaching it. According to Nick, we all keep hoping our future will just be this for every second of every day. Fedora optional. Characters, Themes, Motifs, and Symbols Connected to the Green Light Jay Gatsby. Gatsby is most closely associated with the green light. He is the one who obsessively stares at this light at the end of Daisy's dock, dreaming of reuniting with her. He is the one who reaches his hands towards it, showing us that it is a symbolic representation of his dreams that are always just out of reach. And he is the one whose belief in the green light and its promise of a future of perfect happiness so profoundly affects Nick that Nick ends up admiring Gatsby. Daisy Buchanan. The green light is located at the end of Daisy's dock, and is Gatsby's only physical sign of her before he meets her at Nick's house. For a long time, the green light, Gatsby's ambitious hopes, and Daisy are all symbolically one and the same. Only when Daisy has an affair with Gatsby, showing that she is a flesh and blood person with her own desires, fears, and flaws, does she separate from this idealized symbol of hope. Nick Carraway. Nick is the one who realizes the significance of the green light for Gatsby when he sees Gatsby stretching his arms out towards it. He is also the one who connects the green light with everyone's hopes and dreams at the very end of the book. Society and Class. For Gatsby, just as Daisy is visible through the green light, but in reality out of reach, so is the old money contingent of wealthy Long Island society. No matter how high Gatsby rises and how rich he gets, he still can't break through that final barrier- and he can never quite grasp the green light. The American Dream. The green light comes to represent not just Gatsby's dream, but the aspirational American Dream that the novel shows in both its positive and negative aspects. Like this national myth, the green light is forever just out of reach, but also forever motivating feats of improbable achievement. Symbol: Colors. That the light is green is very significant in a novel that is methodically color-coded. Somewhat in opposition to its culturally positive associations, in The Great Gatsby, green tends to be a sign of either hopeful rebirth, or sickness, greed, and death. Wait, is the idea that we are constantly reaching for the unreachable happy or sad? Essay Ideas and Tips for Writing About the Green Light Now that we've explored the layers of meanings behind the green light at the end of Daisy's dock, you're in a good place to think about how to write about this symbol. How to Write an Essay About the Green Light Here are some tips on how to write an essay about the role of a symbol in a novel: Build from the text out. In this article, I first looked at the green light in context and discussed its meaning in the exact places where it appears, and only afterward wrote about its general significance in the novel. The same basic rule of thumb is good to keep in mind for your own essay. Work from small ideas to big ones, and your argument will be well supported. Make an argument. It's not enough to just describe the symbol and explain its possible meanings. Instead, you have to make sure that you're making some kind of point about why/how the symbol works. How do you know if you're making an argument and not just saying the obvious? If you can imagine someone arguing the opposite of what you're saying, then you've got an argument on your hands. Don't overthink it. Sure, the green light can be said to represent lots of things: Gatsby's dreams, Daisy, or the quest to grab the elusive brass ring. But that doesn't mean that it also stands for world peace, environmental degradation, or Nick's pining for his war days. In other words, watch out for stretching your symbol analysis too far from what the text is telling you. Essay Topic Ideas on the Green Light Here are some possible essay arguments. You can build from them as-is, argue their opposite, or use them as jumping-off points for your own interpretation. The green light is a kind of affiliation test for Gatsby. Those who imbue it with meaning like he does (like Nick) end up sympathizing with Gatsby; those who only see it as an object (like Daisy and Tom) are doomed to dismiss Gatsby also. Gatsby's downfall starts at the moment when he stops seeing the green light as a symbol for his dreams and goals. Ultimately, the green light means far more to Nick than to Gatsby. Essays: it's not an argument unless a pigeon is pecking a chihuahua. Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Green Light in The Great Gatsby: The Bottom Line The green light is a permanently lit lamp that marks the end of Daisy and Tom's boat dock. The image of the green light occurs: At the end of Chapter 1, when Gatsby is reaching towards it and it is very mysterious. In Chapter 5, when Gatsby and Daisy have reconnected, taking the symbolic meaning away from the green light At the end of Chapter 9, when it transitions from being a symbol just for Gatsby and instead becomes a universal symbol of hope for the future. The significance and symbolic meaning of the green lights shifts: In the beginning of the novel, the light stands for Gatsby's dreams, hopes, and desires to reunite with Daisy. During the course of the novel, Gatsby's dream is revealed to be delusional and unrealizable, so the symbolic meaning behind the green light collapses. Finally, as Gatsby's dream is dashed, the green light stops being something that is his alone, and instead stands for the unreachable dream of an "orgastic future" that is constantly getting farther and farther away and that we keep trying to grab for. The green light is associated with: Jay Gatsby, who obsessively stares at this light at the end of Daisy's dock, dreaming of reuniting with her. Daisy Buchanan, since the green light, Gatsby's ambitious hopes, and Daisy are all symbolically one and the same. Nick Carraway, who is the one who realizes the significance of the green light for Gatsby and who connects the green light with everyone's hopes and dreams. Society and class, the upper echelon of which is just as out of reach for Gatsby as the green light. The American Dream, which is the aspirational hope that the novel shows in both its positive and negative lights. Colors, which are very significant in this methodically color-coded novel. What's Next? Review where the green light appears to get a better sense of its context: Chapter 1, Chapter 5, Chapter 9, explore the way the end of The Great Gatsby connects to its beginning through the recurring image of the green light and compare and contrast Nick and Gatsby to see what the different ways they relate to the green light says about them. Want to get some of that green light into your own life? Get yourself some Gatsby accessories from our list of the 15 must-have items for everyfan of The Great Gatsby. Check out all the other symbols that enrich this novel. Decide whether Gatsby primarily treats Daisy as an object, or whether he does have a sense of her as a person and loves her for herself. Read along as we walk through other works of literature with our analyses of "Do not go gently into that good night" (Dylan Thomas), The Cask of Amontillado (Edgar Allan Poe), and The Crucible (Arthur Miller). Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: